TAKAITACCEN TARIHIN SHEIKH AHMAD IBN TAIMIYYA (R.H) {PART 1}
1.1 Farkon Babi
A duk tsawon tarihin Musulunci, malaman addini sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kare akida, tabbatar da gaskiya, da jagorantar al’umma a lokacin rikice-rikice. A cikin jerin waɗannan malaman, akwai wasu da suka rayu a lokuta masu cike da gwagwarmaya, suka tsaya da gaskiya ba tare da tsoro ba, suka zama alamomi ga bincike da muhawara har zuwa yau. Daya daga cikin fitattun malamai da suka taka irin wannan rawa shi ne Taqiyuddeen Ahmad Ibn Taymiyya, wanda ya rayu a ƙarni na bakwai da takwas bayan hijira (661–728H), lokacin da duniya musulmi take cikin wani mawuyacin hali na siyasa, zamantakewa da addini.
Dalilin nazarin tarihin Ibn Taymiyya ba wai kawai saboda ya kasance malami ba, amma saboda ya kasance mutum mai tasiri a fannoni da dama: akida, fiqhu, tafsiri, falsafa, tasawwuf, siyasa, da al’amuran al’umma gaba ɗaya.
Rubuce-rubucensa sun kasance masu zurfi kuma suna da tasiri har zuwa yau a tsakanin malaman salafiyya, masanan tarihi, da masu nazarin tsarin mulkin Musulunci. A lokaci guda kuma, akwai muhawara da suka shafe shi: wasu sun dauke shi a matsayin gwarzon gaskiya, wasu kuma sun soki ra’ayoyinsa a wasu fannoni. Wannan ya sa nazarin tarihin rayuwarsa ke buƙatar tsari na fahimta.
Nazarin tarihin malamai yana taimaka mana mu fahimci tushen tunanin da ya gina al’ummomi. Malamai kamar Ibn Taymiyya ba su fito daga sararin samaniya ba; sun tashi ne daga takamaiman yanayi na siyasa da al’ada, sun sha wahalhalu, suka karanci ilimi a cikin muhallin da ya bambanta da na yau, sannan suka bayar da gudunmawa ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Don haka, wannan babi zai zayyana yanayin da aka haifi Ibn Taymiyya da muhimman abubuwan da suka tsara rayuwarsa kafin mu shiga rayuwar sa, karatu, ayyukansa da tasirinsa.
1.2 Sunansa da Nasabarsa
Sunansa cikakke shi ne Taqī al-Dīn Abū al-ʿAbbās Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd al-Salām ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muḥammad Ibn Taymiyyah al-Ḥarrānī al-Dimashqī. Wannan suna ya kunshi bayanai masu yawa game da asalinsa, zuriyarsa da matsayinsa.
Taqī al-Dīn laqab ne da ke nufin “mai kiyaye addini”. Ana ba mutum irin wannan suna ne idan ya shahara wajen tsoron Allah da tsayawa kan addini. Wannan laqab ya nuna irin matsayi da kima da ya samu a wajen malamai da al’umma.
Abū al-ʿAbbās kunyah ce da ake amfani da ita wajen girmamawa. A al’adun Larabawa da Musulmi, ana amfani da kunyah ko da mutum bai haifi ɗa ba. Wannan yana nuni da matsayi da mutunci.
Ahmad shi ne sunan da mahaifinsa ya ba shi.
Ibn Taymiyyah nisbah ce wadda ta samo asali daga kakanninsa. Akwai labarai daban-daban kan dalilin wannan suna. A cewar wasu masana tarihi, daya daga cikin kakanninsa ya je aikin hajji ta hanyar ƙasar Tayma, inda ya ga wata yarinya kyakkyawa. Da ya dawo gida aka haifi ‘ya mace, sai ya ce “Taymiyyah!” saboda ta tuna masa da waccan yarinyar. Wannan ya zama alamar gidan su, kuma daga baya aka fara kiran zuriyarsu “Ibn Taymiyyah”.
Al-Ḥarrānī yana nuna cewa asalinsu daga garin Harran ne, wani wuri mai tarihi a Mesopotamia (yanzu a kudu maso gabashin Turkiyya).
Al-Dimashqī yana nuni da cewa ya zauna a Dimashq (Damascus) kuma a can ne ya yi karatu, koyarwa da rubuce-rubuce mafi yawanci.
Iyalan Ibn Taymiyya sun kasance iyalan malamai. Mahaifinsa, Abd al-Salām Ibn Taymiyyah, ya kasance babban malami ne a Harran, mai koyar da Hadisi da Fiqhu. Kakansa ma malami ne. Wannan asalinsu ya sa Ibn Taymiyya ya tashi cikin gida mai cike da karatu da ilmantarwa, wanda ya taimaka wajen kafa tushen iliminsa tun yana ƙarami.
1.3 Yanayin Zamaninsa
Ba za a iya fahimtar Ibn Taymiyya sosai ba sai an fahimci yanayin da ya rayu a cikinsa. Lokacinsa yana daga cikin lokutan da duniyar musulmi ta fuskanci rikice-rikice masu tsanani.
A lokacin ne Mongoli suka mamaye yankunan musulmi, suka lalata birane da kauyuka, suka hallaka mutane da yawa, suka rushe tsarin siyasa na Abbasiyawa, suka jefa al’umma cikin tsoro da rudani. Bayan haka, Mamluks suka karɓi iko a Masar da Siriya, suka kafa sabon tsarin mulki amma cikin yanayi na tsananin rikice-rikicen siyasa da al’adu.
1.3.1 Siyasa da Mulki
An haifi Ibn Taymiyya a shekara ta 661H (1263M) a Harran. A wancan lokaci, daular Abbasiyya tana kan rushewa, kuma ikon siyasa ya koma hannun wasu kasashe daban. Mongoli sun riga sun lalata Bagadaza a shekara ta 656H (1258M), inda suka kashe halifa da dubban mutane. Wannan ya girgiza duniyar musulmi gaba ɗaya.
A wannan lokaci ne Mamluks suka karɓi mulki a Masar da Siriya. Duk da cewa sun tsaya tsayin daka wajen yaƙi da Mongoli a Yaƙin Ain Jalut (1260M), tsarin mulkinsu ya kasance cike da karairayi, mulkin sojoji, da matsin lamba kan malamai da al’umma. A wasu lokuta malamai suna fuskantar takura daga gwamnati idan sun yi magana akan iko ko suka yi ƙoƙarin gyara al’umma.
1.3.2 Matsalolin Zamantakewa da Addini
Harran da Dimashq sun kasance cibiyoyin ilimi, amma kuma akwai tarin ra’ayoyi da tsarukan akida daban-daban da suke gogayya: Ash’ariyya, Maturidiyya, Sufaye, Falasifa, da malamai masu tsattsauran ra’ayi. Wannan bambancin akida da fahimta ya haifar da muhawara mai zurfi. Wasu sun rungumi sabbin dabaru daga falsafar Girkawa, wasu kuma sun karkata ga hanyoyin sufaye, yayin da wasu suka tsaya kan akidar Salafiyya.
Ibn Taymiyya ya taso cikin wannan yanayi mai cike da muhawara, rikici da tsoron lalacewar akida. Wannan ya tsara tsarin tunaninsa sosai. Daga baya ya zama mutum mai kira zuwa komawa ga Alkur’ani da Hadisi, yana ganin cewa yawancin matsalolin da suke damun al’umma sun samo asali ne daga barin asali da bin sabbin hanyoyi marasa tushe.
1.3.3 Hijra daga Harran zuwa Dimashq
Lokacin da Mongoli suka fara kai hare-hare a yankin, iyalan Ibn Taymiyya suka bar Harran zuwa Damascus domin tsira. Wannan hijra ta faru lokacin da yake ƙarami, amma ta bar tasiri mai girma a rayuwarsa. Ya ga yadda al’umma ke guduwa, yadda birane ke rushewa, da yadda tsarin mulki da zamantakewa ke canzawa cikin gaggawa. Wannan ya taimaka masa wajen fahimtar muhimmancin adalci, tsari, da tsayawa kan gaskiya.
✍ Nuhu Saad Kumurya
🗓 04- Oct- 2025: 08:03
📌CEO: Kumurya Media
📡With: @highlight
#nuhublog #kumuryamedia
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