Tarihin Al-Khwarizmi (Muhammad Ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, 780–850) Baban Algebra Da Algorithm (Father Of Algebra) 

Tarihin Al-Khwarizmi (Muhammad Ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, 780–850) Baban Algebra Da Algorithm (Father Of Algebra) 

1. Gabatarwa

Tarihin kimiyya ba wai tarihin Turai ba ne kaɗai, kamar yadda wasu tsofaffin litattafai suka nuna. A hakikanin gaskiya, manyan ginshiƙan kimiyyar zamani sun samo asali ne daga haɗin gwiwar al’adu daban-daban, musamman a lokacin da Daular Abbasiyya ta zama cibiyar karatu da bincike. A wannan lokaci ne Musulmai suka haɗa ilimin da suka gada daga Girka, Indiya, Farisa da wasu yankuna, suka tsara shi cikin tsari mai zurfi, sannan suka ƙirƙiri sabbin hanyoyi da dabaru da suka canja tafarkin tarihi.

Daya daga cikin fitattun masana da suka taka rawar gani a wannan zamani shi ne Muhammad Ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi. Sunansa ya fito daga garin Khwarizm, wato Khiva a yau, wanda yake a gefen Kogin Amu Darya a yankin Asiya ta Tsakiya. Ya rayu a cikin karni na 9 a lokacin da halin ilimi ya yi ƙarfi sosai a Baghdad, fadar Abbasawa. Wannan ne ya ba shi damar yin bincike cikin kwanciyar hankali da tallafin gwamnati.

Al-Khwarizmi ba kawai masani ne a fannin lissafi ba. Ya kasance injiniya, malamin taurari, masani a taswirar ƙasa, kuma mai tsara tsarin ilimi a Bayt al-Hikma, wato Gidan Hikima. Wannan cibiyar ta kasance tamkar jami’ar bincike ta farko a duniya, inda aka haɗa malamai daga ƙasashe daban-daban domin fassara littattafai, yin bincike, da tsara sabbin ilimi.

Ayyukansa sun kafa tubalin abin da ake kira algebra, kalmar da ta samo asali daga littafinsa “Al-Kitab al-Mukhtasar fi Hisab al-Jabr wal-Muqabala”. Haka kuma tsarin lissafi da muka gada a yau, wanda ke amfani da sifili da lambobi kamar 0–9, shi ne ya yada shi zuwa Yamma. Har ma kalmar “Algorithm” ta samo asali ne daga sunansa “Al-Khwarizmi”.

Nazarin rayuwarsa yana taimaka mana mu fahimci yadda kimiyya ke tafiya ta matakai: daga haɗa ilimin da ake da shi, zuwa tsara sabbin hanyoyi, sannan yada su zuwa sauran duniya. Wannan labari ba wai tarihin mutum ɗaya ba ne kaɗai, amma labarin wani babi ne mai muhimmanci cikin tarihin ci gaban ɗan Adam.

2. Asalin Haihuwa da Zamani

Muhammad Ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi an haife shi a kusa da ƙarshen karni na takwas, kimanin shekara ta 780 Miladiyya, a yankin Khwarizm. Wannan yanki yana cikin abin da ake kira Transoxiana a tsohon lokaci, wato yankin da ke tsakanin kogin Amu Darya da Sir Darya, a arewa maso gabashin Iran ta yau. A zamanin da aka haife shi, wannan wuri yana ƙarƙashin mulkin Daular Abbasiyya, kuma yana cikin yankunan da ke da muhimmiyar alaƙa da kasuwanci da ilimi.

Khwarizm a wancan lokaci yana ɗaya daga cikin muhimman cibiyoyin kasuwanci a hanyar Silk Road. Masu fatauci daga China, Indiya, Farisa, da ƙasashen Larabawa suna wucewa ta nan suna musayar kaya da ra’ayoyi. Wannan haɗuwar al’adu ta sa yankin ya zama wurin da ake samun sabbin ilimi cikin sauƙi. Wannan yanayi ne ya haifar da zurfin tunani da fahimtar ƙasashen waje ga mutanen yankin, ciki har da iyalin Al-Khwarizmi.

Babu cikakken bayanin ainihin danginsa, amma alamun tarihi sun nuna cewa iyalinsa sun kasance Musulmai masu daraja, kuma sun taso ne a cikin al’ummar da ke daraja karatu da ilimi. A wancan lokaci, tsarin ilimi a yankin ya haɗa karatun Qur’ani da Hadisai da kuma ƙwarewa a ilimin lissafi, taurari, da harsuna. Wannan ya ba shi tushe mai ƙarfi tun yana ƙarami.

A zamaninsa, Daular Abbasiyya tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Harun al-Rashid (786–809) da daga baya ɗansa Al-Ma’mun (813–833). Wannan lokaci ne da ake kira Zamanin Zinariya na Musulunci, saboda yawancin fannonin ilimi sun bunƙasa da tallafin gwamnati. Harun al-Rashid ya kafa cibiyoyi na karatu da ɗakunan karatu masu yalwa, sannan Al-Ma’mun ya ci gaba da wannan aikin da ƙarfi. Shi ne ya kafa Bayt al-Hikma a Baghdad, cibiyar da ta zama matattarar malamai daga Girka, Farisa, Siriya da Larabawa.

Wannan muhalli na siyasa da ilimi ne ya karfafa tunanin matasa kamar Al-Khwarizmi. Bayan shekaru na karatu a garinsu, ana kyautata zato cewa ya tafi Baghdad domin ci gaba da ilimi, kamar yadda yawancin matasan masu basira ke yi a wancan zamani. A can ne ya samu damar haɗuwa da manyan malamai, ya shiga aikin fassara, sannan ya fara rubuce-rubucensa na kimiyya.

Yankin da ya fito da kuma zamanin da ya rayu sun kasance ginshiƙai masu muhimmanci wajen fahimtar irin tunanin da ya gina shi. Al-Khwarizmi ya taso ne a zamanin da ilimi ba wai ga malamai kaɗai ba ne, amma wani ɓangare na al’adun yau da kullum. Wannan haɗuwar kasuwanci, addini, da bincike ce ta ba shi irin tushen da ya zame masa ginshiki wajen ƙirƙirar sabbin ra’ayoyi a fannin lissafi da taurari.